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Stereoselective Synthesis of the Core Structure of (+)-Phainanoid A via Polyene Cyclization

초록 (요약문)

Phainanoid A-F were isolated in 2015 from Phyllanthus hainanensis on Hainan Island, China. These compounds share a common structural feature of conjugated rings (A-E) with a [4.3.1]-propellane structure at the D/E junction, possessing over 13 stereogenic centers. Notably, the A/B junction bears a 3H-spiro[benzofuran-2,1′-cyclobutan]-3-one structure, while the spiro acetal side chain consists of 1,6-dioxaspiro[4.4]nonan-2-one, showcasing unique structural characteristics rarely found in steroidal natural products. Furthermore, these compounds exhibit potent immunosuppressive effects on T and B lymphocyte proliferation. The core structure of phainanoid A (B/C/D/E) has been synthesized stereoselectivity in 26 steps from commercially available geraniol and 2-cyclopenten-1-one. Key reactions involved in the synthesis include Noyori asymmetric reduction, CBS reduction, Johnson-Claisen rearrangement, Suzuki coupling, Umpolung-type SN2 reaction, and Au(I)-mediated polyene cyclization.

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초록 (요약문)

Phainanoid A-F는 2015년에 중국 하이난 섬의 Phyllanthus hainanensis에서 분리되었고, 이것들은 4/6/6/6/5의 접합고리 (A-E 고리)와 D/E 접합고리의 [4.3.1]-propellane 구조를 공통적으로 가지고 있으며, 13개 이상의 stereogenic center를 가지고 있다. 특히, A/B 접합고리(3H-spiro[benzofuran- 2,1′-cyclobutan]-3-one)와 spiro acetal side chain(1,6-dioxaspiro[4.4]nonan- 2-one)은 스테로이드 천연물에서 드물게 발견되는 독특한 구조적 특징이다. 또한 이 화합물들은 T 림프구와 B 림프구 증식에 대해 강력한 면역 억제 효과 를 가지고 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. Phainanoid A의 핵심 구조(B/C/D/E)를 입체 선택적으로 합성 완료하였으며, 상업적으로 구매 가능한 geraniol과 2- cyclopenten-1-one으로부터 26 단계로 합성하였다. 주요 반응으로는 Noyori asymmetric reduction, CBS reduction, Johnson-Claisen rearrangement, Suzuki coupling, Umpolung-type SN2 reaction, and Au(I)- mediated polyene cyclization이 포함되어 있다.

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목차

I. Introduction 6
II. Results and Discussion 10
II-I. Retrosynthetic Analysis (I) 10
II-II. The Various Attempts for Polyene Cyclization Reactions 12
II-III. Revised Retrosynthetic Analysis (II) 23
II-IV. Revised Retrosynthetic Analysis (III) 38
II-V. Revised Retrosynthetic Analysis (IV) 44
III. Conclusions 59
IV. Experimental 60
IV-I. General Information 60
IV-II. Experimental Procedures and Characterization Data 62
IV-III. X-ray Crystallographic Data 102
V. References 105

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