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Hegemonic Help : A Non-duplicable Model of Development

패권적 도움 : 비복제 개발 모델

초록

This study argues that significant USG intervention in ROK affairs including, but not limited to, economic development, constitutes a set of exogenous factors unique to the ROK case that cannot be duplicated by other developing countries and, thus, the promotion of the ROK as a model of development is deemed inappropriate or, rather, unattainable. The focus on exogenous factors made in this study is not intended to defame the ROK government, its people, nor diminish its efforts. Focus on endogenous factors is already well-established in literature and constitutes the dominant narrative. The 2010 Seoul Consensus promoted state-led economic development, or “developmental state” as a model of development. Subsequently, the government of the Republic of Korea (ROKG) actively promoted itself as a model of development, a “bootstrap narrative” derived from the Park Chung-hee self-sufficiency campaign. Promotion of the ROK as a model of development implies the replication of results, in other words, a similar degree of economic development. However, the ROKG “bootstrap narrative” obscures the significant foreign intervention of the US in not only its economic development but also its development as a modern state, via state-making and functions of government. In particular, national defense, as part of the functions of government, is unique to the ROK as the US alliance and US military presence not only ensures ROK sovereignty but also improves ROK sovereign credit ratings and its access to foreign capital as well as its attractiveness to foreign direct investment (FDI). US intervention to the benefit of the ROK in Japanese-ROK normalization negotiations and, subsequent, Japanese war reparations is another unique case as the US sought to shift more of the financial burden of ROK economic aid to Japan as well as sought normalization as a stepping stone to a Northeast Asia (NEA) multilateral security alliance, similar to NATO and SEATO. Aid, trade, technology transfer, technical assistance to the ROK was dominated by the US and Japan due to geopolitical interests with the US continuing to provide security and economic benefits by its military alliance and military presence. This high degree of foreign intervention, described as winning the “hegemonic help,” continues to the present day and is unique to ROK economic development and, thus, disqualifies it as a model of economic development. It is not the argument of this study to attribute ROK economic development solely to USG intervention (hegemonic help) but rather to illustrate its less-studied contribution and, as a consequence, how ROK economic development is not an appropriate model of development for developing countries to emulate. However, tracing USG hegemonic help in the survival of the ROK state, state-making, and economic development suggests a hierarchy of government functions which may prove helpful to developing countries.

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초록

이 연구 한국의 발전 모델 권하지 않다. 왜냐하면 내부요인뿐만 아니라 외인요인도 필요하다. 다른 개발 도상국들 같은 조건을 반복할 수 없다. 특히 한국의 선진국과의 관계 미국이나 일본 같은 반복할 수 없다. 선진국의 국익 또한 고려해야 할 중요하다. 이 연구가 선진국으로부터의 도움은 패권적 도움이라고 불린다. 자원 부족 국가 해외 원조뿐만 아니라 패권적 도움 필요하다. 패권적 도움에는 인간 안보, 공중 보건, 기아 구호품 등이 포함될 수 있다. 매슬로의 욕구 계층처럼, 정부들도 기능들의 계층구조를 가지고 있다. 이 연구는 패권적 도움은 경제 발전보다 기본적인 요구를 우선시해야 한다.

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