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Role of Voluntary Associations and Social Capital in South Korea's Democratic Consolidation

  • Yuwanto (국제대학원 EastAsianStudies(includingKoreanStudies))

초록/요약

Democratic consolidation takes place within political institutions as well as individual citizens. Voluntary associations are important to the study of democratization, since it has been seen as an essential ingredient in consolidating democracy in longstanding democratic countries, as well as in many new democracies. The purpose of this study is to explore whether there is a significant positive effect of voluntary association ？a fundamental role in the formation of social capital？ on democratic consolidation in Korea. To this end, social capital is employed as a central conceptual tool. Both aspects of social capital namely social involvement and social trust are hypothesized to cultivate values and dispositions support for democratic consolidation in Korea. The selection of case from Korea seems particularly suitable for examining the impact of social capital on democratic support in view of the debate over whether Korean society remain less fertile ground for liberal democracy due to its historical and cultural heritage. The results of this study indicate that social involvement in contemporary Korea, as measured by formal group membership, is hardly prevalent. To connect themselves to other people, Koreans prefer to rely on informal friendship networks, which tend to be highly homogeneous, especially in social and cultural identities. The cultural component of social capital, as measured by generalized trust, does not appear to be in adequate supply in Korea. It is discouraging that a majority has yet to demonstrate generalized trust, the type of trust that is most inclusive and least restrictive. This dissertation concludes that contrary to what appears in the literature on the subject, social involvement does not promote favorable orientations toward democratic politics, it merely leads to more active involvement in the political process. However, social trust, unlike social involvement, motivates the Korean people to support democratic institutions and principles. Yet it does not motivate them to get involved in the political process. Thus, in Korea, social involvement contributes to democratic citizenship behaviorally, whereas social trust contributes to it attitudinally. Institutionally, Korea has made considerable progress in its journey toward consolidated democracy. Culturally, however, it can be said that the successive waves of institutional reforms have not been at all effective in orienting and reorienting ordinary Koreans toward democratic politics. A majority of the mass citizenry have yet to embrace democracy as ？the only game in town？ by internalizing all the norms and rules governing democratic politics and rejecting those of authoritarian politics. If democratic consolidation is defined as complete attachment to democracy and total detachment from authoritarianism among the citizenry, it is likely to be generations before new democracy in Korea becomes fully consolidated.

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목차

Ⅰ. INTRODUCTION = 1
1.1. THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK AND HYPOTHESES = 12
1.2. RESEARCH METHOD = 20
Ⅱ. DEFINING SOCIAL CAPITAL: WHAT ARE THE ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS? = 25
2.1. THE NOTION OF SOCIAL CAPITAL = 26
2.2. DIMENSIONS OF SOCIAL CAPITAL = 38
2.2.1. Social Network = 38
2.2.2. Social Trust = 40
2.3. VOLUNTARY ASSOCIATIONS AND SOCIAL CAPITAL = 42
SUMMARY = 47
Ⅲ. SOCIAL CAPITAL IN KOREA = 49
3.1. ASSOCIATIONAL LIFE IN KOREA = 50
3.1.1. The Emergence of Nonprofit Sector = 52
3.2. MEASURING SOCIAL CAPITAL IN KOREA = 58
3.2.1. Social Involvement: Non-joiners, Informal, Formal and Full Joiners = 58
3.2.2. Social Trust: Generalized, Particularized, Commitment and Competence = 60
3.3. PATTERNS OF SOCIAL INVOLVEMENT = 62
3.4. PATTERNS OF SOCIAL TRUST = 70
3.5. SOCIAL INVOLVEMENT AND SOCIAL TRUST = 75
SUMMARY = 79
Ⅳ. THE CULTURAL DIMENSION OF DEMOCRATIC CONSOLIDATION IN KOREA = 81
4.1. KOREA AS A THRID-WAVE DEMOCRACY = 82
4.2. DEMOCRATIC CONSOLIDATION IN KOREA = 85
4.3. CONCEPTIONS OF DEMOCRACY AMONG KOREANS = 87
4.3.1. The Awareness of Democracy = 88
4.3.2. The Meaning of Democracy = 89
4.4. SUPPORT FOR DEMOCRATIC RULE AMONG KOREANS = 97
4.4.1. Attachment to Democratic Politics = 98
4.4.1.1. Support for a Democratic Regime = 98
4.4.1.2. Support for Democratic Governance = 102
4.4.1.3. Overall Attachment to Democracy = 104
4.4.2. Authoritarian Detachment = 106
4.4.2.1. Opposition to Authoritarian Regimes = 106
4.4.2.2. Opposition to Authoritarian Governance = 108
4.4.2.3. Overall Detachment from Authoritarianism = 110
4.4.3. Overall Commitment to Democracy = 112
SUMMARY = 114
Ⅴ. SOCIAL CAPITAL AND DEMOCRATIC CONSOLIDATION IN KOREA = 116
5.1. HOW DOES SOCIAL CAPITAL AFFECT DEMOCRATIC CONSOLIDATION? = 117
5.2. SOCIAL CAPITAL AND DEMOCRATIC CITIZENSHIP = 121
5.2.1. Social Capital and Support for Democracy = 122
5.2.2. Social Capital and Political Activism = 124
SUMMARY = 127
Ⅵ. CONCLUSIONS = 130
BIBLIOGRAPHY = 141
APPENDIX = 155
LIST OF TABLES
1.1 Hypothesized Effect of Social Capital on Democratic Consolidation = 20
3.1 Levels of Social Involvement in Korea = 62
3.2 Formal Group Memberships = 64
3.3 Informal Group Memberships = 66
3.4 Demographic Differences in Social Involvement = 69
3.5 Demographic Differences in Social Trust = 73
3.6 Relationship between Social Involvement and Social Trust = 76
4.1 Patterns of Regime Orientations = 113
5.1 The Impact of Social Capital on Support for Democracy = 123
5.2 The Impact of Social Capital on Political Activism = 125
LIST OF FIGURES
3.1 Types of Social Involvement in Korea = 68
3.2 Types of Social Trust in Korea = 71
4.1 Divergent Conceptions of Democracy = 90
4.2 Types of Democratic Conceptions = 92
4.3 Levels of Support for Democratic Regime and Governance = 100
4.4 Overall Levels of Attachment to Democracy = 105
4.5 Levels of Opposition to Authoritarian Regime and Governance = 108
4.6 Overall Levels of Detachment from Authoritarianism = 111

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